Synthesis of a Potential Enzyme Inhibitor

Synthesis of a Potential Enzyme Inhibitor Delaram Salehifard Aim Synthesis and characterisation of Benzocaine. Introduction The Fischer esterification of 4-amino benzoic acid is catalysed by an acid is fully reversible. Method: 3g of 4-aminobenzoic acid was weighed out and placed into a dry 100cm3 round bottom flask (ensuring no residues are left inside the joint). 20 cm3 of methylated spirits was measured out and added to the 4-aminobenzoic acid in the round bottom flask. 3 cm3 of concentrated Sulfuric acid was measured out and added to the round bottom flask mixture (ensuring no residues are left on the joint), a condenser was fit onto the round bottom flask and the mixture was gently swirled. Using a heating mantle, the mixture was heated and upon boiling; refluxed for 30 minutes. At the end of reflux, the heat source was removed and the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. Upon cooling, the mixture was gently stirred using a glass stirring rod and Sodium hydroxide solution (20%) was slowly added to the mixture until a neutral pH was attained. The mixture was allowed to stand for 5 minutes before the contents were poured into a beaker containing approximately 70 cm3 of ice, the reaction vessels was rinsed with distilled water and the washings were transferred into the beaker to reach an approximate volume of 150cm3. The product was filtered using a Buchner funnel (washed with some cold water) ensuring that the moisture is completely sucked out. The product was then transferred onto a watch glass and dried in an oven at a temperature no greater than 60oC. The dry mass was then noted and the product submitted for analysis. Steps1-10 were repeated using Isopropyl alcohol instead of Methylated spirits and the melting point for the product was attained. Mechanism of action Step one portrays the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen on 4-aminobenzoic acid where the Sulphuric acid acts as the H+ donor (the regeneration of this proton would establish the Sulphuric acid as a catalyst). This proton transfer results in a delocalisation of positive charge which gives rise to the presence of the three resonance structures portrayed in â€Å"step 1- resonance†. Of these three structures, the middle structure (where the positive charge is localised onto the carbon atom) allows for the esterification to proceed as its partial positive charge allows Nucleophilic attack by the Oxygen atom on Methanol; as seen in step two. Following this nucleophilic attack, a protonation and de-protonation occurs (which has a net effect of proton transfer) thus leading to the formation of a water molecule on the carbon atom which cleaves off in the hydrolysis in step 3. This hydrolysis results in a delocalisation of positive charge which gives rise to the presence of the three resonance structures portrayed in â€Å"step 4- resonance†. Of these structures, the middle structure where the positive charge is localised onto the carbon atom allows for a de-protonation to occur as the Hydrogen atom donates its electrons to the positive carbon thus neutralising the carbon and forming a double bond. This de-protonation also results in the regeneration of the Sulphuric acid proton which protonated the reactant in step 1 thus establishing Results Week one percentage yield: Mass of reactant: 3g Mass of product obtained: 2.38g RMM reactant: 137 RMM product: 165 Reactant/product moles: 0.022 Theoretical yield= 3.62g % Yield = (Actual yield / theoretical yield) * 100 = 65.75% Week two percentage yield: Mass of reactant: 3g Mass of product obtained: 2.79g RMM reactant: 137 RMM product: 179 Reactant/product moles: 0.022 Theoretical yield= 3.92 % Yield = (Actual yield / theoretical yield) * 100 = 71.18% Melting point: Experimental product 1MP: 85.9-88.4oC Literature product 1MP: 88-90oC Experimental product 2 MP: 83.5-84.1oC Literature product 2 MP: 84oC H NMR 4-amino benzoic acid Benzocaine 13CNMR 4-amino benzoic acid Benzocaine DEPT-135 4-amino benzoic acid Benzocaine Analysis The melting points for both products were average reading from three attempts and are reasonably within the literature range. This can be attributed to accurate measurements, clean utensils (thus avoiding impurities) and sufficient drying. At roughly 66% and 71% the percentage yields for products one and two respectively are reasonably low. This may be due to a number of problems such as, incomplete transfer of reactant into the reaction vessel, not transferring all of the reaction vessel washings for filtering, incorrect filtering technique where some product was allowed to pass through instead of being retained e.g. filtering too fast or incomplete transfer of the product from the filter paper after filtration. With reference to the HNMR tables, I have deduced corresponding H atom based on integration, splitting and chemical shift. The chemical shift of an atom depends on the extent of shielding it has, for example a H atom attached to an Oxygen (e.g. H atom number 6 on 4-amino benzoic acid) has less shielding due to the Oxygen atoms’ electronegativity whereas a H atom attached to a C atom has more shielding as carbon is not electronegative and in the case of H atoms number 2 and 3, they are also surrounded by other atoms which give them some shielding. I found locating H atoms 2 and 3 particularly tricky as their quintet splitting pattern and integration of 3 where very misleading however their chemical shift reaffirmed their identity as it is relatively to the left thus indicating a fair amount of shielding. With reference to the 13CNMR tables I was able to deduce the corresponding Carbon atoms based on two properties, chemical shift and peak height. The chemical shift (in accordance to the level of shielding/position of the C atoms) allowed me to locate peaks for carbonyl carbons (Carbon number 7 in both reactant and product) and more shielded carbon aand the height/integration of the peaks which corresponds to the number hydrogen atoms attached to the C atom in question. With reference to the DEPT-135 tables I was able to distinguish the difference between the C atoms in accordance with the different number of H attached to each C atom. This technique portrays CH and CH3 atoms as positively phased and CH2 atoms negatively phased. For atoms with the same phasing, I used the chemical shift ( as with 13 CNMR ) to distinguish between the C atoms in question. In this esterification, the product was maintained in a pH of 7-8. This was done in order to prevent a nucleophilic attack from hydroxide ions which would hydrolyse the product which and reverse the esterification thus converting the product back into the reactant. Rf values can be used to deduce the polarity of a molecule, where a low Rf value can indicate a polar molecule. This is based on how the molecule interacts with the mobile and stationary phases. For example; a low Rf value is a result of the molecule interacting with the polar stationary phase/silica and not travelling very far up the plate allowing us to deduce that its polar. Based on this theory and the fact that polarity increases with RMM; a larger molecule would be more polar and thus have a lower Rf. I would therefore predict that Isopropyl 4-Aminobenzoate would have a lower Rf value than Benzocaine due to its larger RMM making it more polar than Benzocaine. References UNCP. (2014). CNMR spectroscopy. Available: http://www2.uncp.edu/home/mcclurem/courses/chm550/nmr_lec4.pdf. Last accessed 06/03/2014.Chemspider. (2014).4-Aminobenzoic acid.Available: http://www.chemspider.com/953. Last accessed 06/03/2014. Chemspider. (2014).benzocaine.Available: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.13854242.html?rid=752b9fda-5ccb-49f3-bf93-47ceb79356b4. Last accessed 06/03/2014. Jim Clark. (2002).THE MECHANISM FOR THE ACID CATALYSED HYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS.Available: http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/catalysis/hydrolyse.html#top. Last accessed 06/03/2014. Chemspider. (2014).4 aminobenzoic acid.Available: http://www.chemspider.com/953. Last accessed 06/03/2014. Chemspider. (2014).Isopropyl 4-Aminobenzoate.Available: http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.78903.html. Last accessed 07/03/2014.

Theme of Feminism in The Women Who Walked into Doors

The Women Who Walked Into Doors The Feminist lens allows us to view a piece of literature from a different perspective. It applies the perspective of feminism to a certain piece of literature. There are a large number of feminism literary theories and all with a different angle of viewing the literature. Some theories look at the way words and symbols in the book are gendered. Other theories show the difference of writing between male and female authors.Many theories also focus on stereotypes and inequalities of women's ights and how they are symbolized in a book. Basically the feminist lens helps you analyze a book based on the philosophies and views of modern day feminism the any piece of literature. The Women Who Walked into Doors is a book about a woman named Paula and her struggle against her abusive husband that spent the 17 years of their marriage beating and abusing her. I am pretty sure that everyone who has read this book agrees that it is really a feminist novel with Roddy Doyle, the author, really trying to explore the life a woman's mind under abuse.The first signs of feminism come early in the book. Paula seems to be attracted to a guy named Charlo Spencer who is considered to be a â€Å"ride†, a term used to define an attracting looking person. We see the idea that women are into â€Å"bad boys† demonstrated by Paula when she falls for Charlo. She states how he looks sexy with his cigarette, a leather jacket, and blue denim Jeans. This was a typical description of a â€Å"bad boy' in the 90's. She also stated that he had a criminal record as if it were a good thing and rather attractive.As the novel progresses a lot of feminist theories are presented such as the audacity is young women in the 90's and even in current times. Paula is a risk taker and likes to explore around and not really afraid of consequences. This again touches on the feminist theory that women tend to be irrational decision makers in their late teenage hood. A p erfect example from the book is when Paula ignored her father's view on Charlo when he made it obvious he hated Charlo and said he is a criminal.However later in the novel as she grows older she realizes her father was right and only trying to protect her. This again supports the idea that during a stage of their life, women tend to make stupid decisions that they will regret later on in life. After Paula gets married to Charlo and the abuse and beatings start Roddy Doyle really starts to push some strong feminist theories through. One of the most important being the reliance that a woman has towards a man and really takes this idea to its peaks.This is portrayed by Paula throughout most of the novel, even though Charlo beats, rapes, and abuses her she still says she loves him and she can't leave him. For the sake of her own safety and well being she was not willing to let go of the man who she loved yet who abused her. This is supposed to show how women are dependent on men and bei ng beat by a man is better than not having one. Finally he most important theory being presented I believe is the imbalance of power between men and women and the breaking point ot a woman's tolerance towards abusive behavior.Throughout their marriage Paula has been powerless by not being able to make any choices or have any say in how things are done, because if she were to speak up she would likely get beaten by Charlo. This shows the imbalance in power and inequality in women's rights in the 90's when this book was written. Also even if Paula wanted to leave Charlo she did not have the power to on her own. However the idea presented is that women behave only like this is the problem is etween husband and wife, in the novel, when Charlo looks at Nicola, his oldest daughter, in a dirty way as if he wants to harm her is when Paula's breaking point is reached.She takes a frying pan and beats him down in the kitchen then kicks him out of the house for good. This brings us to the idea that when women's will not stand up for themselves but when their children are targeted they do the unthinkable to protect them. The fact that this book was written by a male author is really impressive for how he constructed the book from a females perspective and make it so effective in sending its messages and impacting on the reader.

Analysis Of Compania De Minas Buenaventura S.a Essay

Compaà ±ia de Minas Buenaventura S.A.A. is the leading Peruvian mining company and one of the largest owners of mining rights among precious metals in Peru. Founded in 1953, Buenaventura has focused on mining processing, development, and exploration of gold, silver, coal, lead, molybdenum, and zinc. Some highlights of the company [1]: †¢ Owns two growing underground gold mines, as well as the world’s 4th largest silver mine. †¢ Possesses an aggressive and proven exploration program. †¢ Own a 43.65% stake in Yanacocha, Latin America’s largest gold mine and the most profitable in the world. †¢ Producer of the best geological information in Peru. †¢ Seeks to expand its reserves production and earnings. †¢ Listed on Lima Stock Exchange (BUE.LM) since 1971 and on The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: BVN) since 1996. Buenaventura’s Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is oriented to the Board of Directors of the company. It set some important aspects and basic behaviors that all members of the company must follow. The document is divided into 5 parts [2]. 1. Purpose, where it is established the main goal of the document. 2. Administration / Applicability / Violations, where it is established the scope and disciplinary actions of the document. 3. Policy Guidelines, part of the document where the Board of Directors set the main policies guidelines that will set the standards for conducting the company business. 4. Reporting Illegal or Unethical Behavior, where the Board of Directors

`` Ode Imitations Of Immortality `` By William Wordsworth

William Wordsworth once defined poetry as being â€Å"a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings recollected in tranquility.† In his poem, â€Å"Ode: Imitations of Immortality,† Wordsworth expresses his powerful feelings about the natural world and his struggle to understand why humanity has failed to recognize the value of nature. He is saddened by the fact that time has stripped away much of natures glory, depriving him of the wild spontaneity he once exhibited as a youth. Wordsworth uses the symbolism of the child to represent the state of being closer to the glory of nature. From childhood to adulthood, Wordsworth reflects on the impermanent nature of time as the chaotic and creative forces that influence the human existential condition. In the third stanza, the speaker introduces the theme of time to the reader through the motif of the drum. The speaker is melancholy as he states, â€Å"While the young lambs bound as to the tabors sound, to me alone came a though t of grief.† The tabor refers to a drum, which shows that the speaker of the poem is connecting the young lamb to the pulse of time. This represents the struggle of man versus time as the imagery creates an odd sense of duality. The young lamb leaping to the beat of time provides a sense of comfort through the innocence of the springtime youth, but the image also foreshadows the inevitable changing of the seasons and the coming of age. The theme of time continues as the speaker mentions a â€Å"timely utterance† in the sound ofShow MoreRelatedOde Intimations of Immortality by William Wordsworth Essay828 Words   |  4 PagesOde Intimations of Immortality by William Wordsworth In Ode: Intimations of Immortality, William Wordsworth explores the moral development of man and the irreconcilable conflicts between innocence and experience, and youthfulness and maturity that develop. As the youth matures he moves farther away from the divinity of God and begins to be corruption by mankind. What Wordsworth wishes for is a return to his childhood innocence but with his new maturity and insight. This would allow him to experienceRead More William Wordsworth Essay3686 Words   |  15 PagesWilliam Wordsworth William Wordsworth is considered to be the greatest among all of the English Romantic poets. Although he did not always get the recognition that he rightfully deserved in the early part of his career, only through trials and tribulations did he reach the pinnacle of the literary world. Wordsworth said of the Prelude that it was a thing unprecedented in the literary history that a man should talk so much about himself: I had nothing to do but describe what I had feltRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Ode On Intimations Of Immortality From Early Childhood By William Wordsworth1773 Words   |  8 Pagestelling it what you think and feel all the while hoping for a scream back. That s what Ode on Intimations of Immortality From Early Childhood by William Wordsworth is, Wordsworth s desperate attempt to scream into the void the best he could. But, what is he trying to say? The title is the first indication of the meaning of the poem. Since Wordsworth calls it an ode, he is saying that the intimations of immortality from early childhood are what he will be addressing in this poem. An intimation is theRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth s The Prelude1008 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Wordsworth’s poem, The Prelude, he describes how he imagines London to be. He is very descriptive when he touches on what he expects upon arrival to the city, and then realizes London was not the paradise he alluded to earlier in his poem. William Wordsworth use of imagery and diction reflect the city’s natural environment, which he also uses in order to convey his feelings of anticipation and dissatisfaction with what he has discovered. In the beginning of The Prelude, William Wordsworth’sRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth and Matthew Arnold1759 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature The Romantic Period, which included the years 1798-1832, was an era revolting against the 18th century literary style. The time period was filled with poets who dramatically poured their beliefs into their writings and poetry such as William Wordsworth, a very notable Romantic poet during this time period. In stark contrast, the Victorian Period was a time during which poets wrote about the environment that surrounded them, and tended to have a pessimistic view of life. Matthew Arnold, aRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth And Matthew Arnold Essay1795 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature The Romantic Period, which included the years 1798-1832, was an era revolting against the 18th century literary style. The time period was filled with poets who dramatically poured their beliefs into their writings and poetry such as William Wordsworth, a very notable Romantic poet during this time period. In stark contrast, the Victorian Period was a time during which poets wrote about the environment that surrounded them, and tended to have a pessimistic view of life. Matthew Arnold, aRead MoreThe Impact of William Wordsworth1744 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of William Wordsworth William Wordsworth, the ages great Bard, had a significant impact on his contemporaries. Best known for his beautiful poems on nature, Wordsworth was a poet of reflection on things past. He realized however, that the memory of ones earlier emotional experiences is not an infinite source of poetic material. As Wordsworth grew older, there was an overall decline in his prowess as a poet. Lifes inevitable change, with ones changes in monetary and social status,Read MoreSummary of She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways11655 Words   |  47 PagesThe Lucy poems William Shuter, Portrait of William Wordsworth, 1798. Earliest known portrait of Wordsworth, painted in the year he wrote the first drafts of The Lucy poems[1] The Lucy poems are a series of five poems composed by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth (1770–1850) between 1798 and 1801. All but one were first published during 1800 in the second edition of Lyrical Ballads, a collaboration between Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge that was both Wordsworths first majorRead MoreThe Sonnet Form: William Shakespeare6305 Words   |  26 PagesShakespeare’s Sonnets William Shakespeare The Sonnet Form A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem, traditionally written in iambic pentameter—that is, in lines ten syllables long, with accents falling on every second syllable, as in: â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?† The sonnet form first became popular during the Italian Renaissance, when the poet Petrarch published a sequence of love sonnets addressed to an idealized woman named Laura. Taking firm hold among Italian poets, the sonnet

Apush Ch. 4 Notes - 2475 Words

Chapter 4 Growth and Crisis in Colonial Society 1720-1765 Freehold Society in New England Puritans created a yeomen society of independent farm families who owned their land as freeholders- without feudal dues or leases by 1750, rapidly increasing population outstripped the supply of easily farmed land, challenging the freehold ideal. A. Farm Families: Womens Place Men were head of the household no time for anything. They did many labors by 1750, family sizes decreased due to shrink in farm sizes had some more time but still under cultural and law restrictions under men B. Farm Property: Inheritance male colonists escaped Europe and got land parents with small farms had to put children up as†¦show more content†¦Were pacifists bought land and negotiate treaties with Indians. No major wars until 1750s condemned slavery attracted German settlers fleeing from war, religious persecution, and poverty German settlements dominated certain districts and moved down to western parts of Maryland, Virginia, and Carolinas. Maintained their German identity. Married within group eg. women worked on the lands not many politically involved. Only acted to protect their churches and cultural practices eg. married womens rights to hold property and write wills Presbyterian Scots from Ireland formed largest group of migrants faced discrimination, taxes, regulations Irish Test Act of 1704 restricted them from holding public office migrated and retained their identity C. Religious Identity and Political Conflict 1750s, Scots-Irish Presbyterians challenged pacifism of Quakers wanted more aggressive Indian policy German migrants also opposed cause they demanded respect for inheritance customs Scots-Irish Presbyterians, German Baptists, and German Lutherans against Quakers Quakers cultural and religious diversity caused conflict The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening 1740-1765 Enlightenment- human reason to understand world Pietism- personal relation to God A. The Enlightenment in America John Locke- natural rights of life,Show MoreRelatedDiscovering The American Past : The Port Royal Experiment, 1861-1865 ( 237-274 )1562 Words   |  7 Pages APUSH: Juniors Seniors 1st Period 8:20-9:06 Monday: 11/30/15 Discovering the American Past: Ch 10: â€Å"No More Pint o’ Salt for Me†: The Port Royal Experiment, 1861-1865 (237-274) In Class Read: 1. Problem 237-238 Task: Analyze evidence in order to answer the following two questions A. Would the Sea Island blacks be able to use the educational, economic, and military opportunities made available to them to become knowledgeable, responsible, and productive

Media Policy Free Essays

The issue of coming out versus staying in the closet is one that has the potential to provide a news media organization with a large amount of readership or viewer-ship because of the still novel aspect of the situation. America is quickly becoming a more liberal society, yet the conservatism within the country is still high. While many people have pushed the envelope of conservatism, still a lot struggle with the idea of challenging traditions because of the many consequences that attend such a decision. We will write a custom essay sample on Media Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The idea of being homosexual (gay or lesbian) within American society still carries with it a stigma that many try to avoid. The main reasons for the avoidance of this stigma are the attention that such a lifestyle will bring to those who live it and the possibility of overt protest against such a lifestyle by activist or religious groups. Therefore, the â€Å"coming out† of a homosexual provides news that the public is highly interested in, and the developments that often follow such a declaration are also highly news worthy. Since it is the business of this media house to provide information to the public that it finds interesting and seminal, it is therefore the policy of this organization to aim to be the first at announcing the â€Å"coming out† of individual homosexuals. The information regarding the lifestyles in which people choose to engage is often considered by critics of the media as personal and not as the business of the public. However, the American public has consistently identified what it considers its own business through its attention to the details of the lives of many individuals. In fact, the public has demonstrated its commitment to learning such news through its active awareness of televised news programs, feature stories on the internet, and its paid subscription to print media of varying levels of credibility. Unlike some media houses of lower credibility status, this media house is dedicated to providing the truth about the lives of any individual labeled as coming out of the homosexual closet. This media house takes this type of claim very seriously and is held to a high level of integrity in providing proofs of any claims made to such effect. In this way, the curiosity and concern of the public regarding such matters will be satisfied not with lies and fabrications, but with factual accounts of very real and troubling issues. The media as an industry is not just a group of organizations that provide an update or commentary on the things that take place in our society. Rather, its role encompasses that of creating cultural artifacts and historical records of the socio-cultural metamorphosis of a particular society over time (Gauntlett 115-6). Without this record, anthropologists who study a given era are at a loss when trying to compile an accurate account of the cultural practices within a given society. Homosexuality is an integral part of the social practices of many Americans today, and fear or an inordinate level of concern for privacy often pushes people into a mode of overprotection of such lifestyles. The role of the media is to effectively uncover such practices by aiding these persons in making their lifestyles and sexual preferences known to the public and therefore to posterity. Statistical considerations also prompt the media to engage in practices that â€Å"out† homosexuals who would otherwise remain hidden. Many reasons exist why statistical bodies seek out demographical data that will give the percentage of homosexuals within a given district or in the country itself. Such measures as the creative capital level of a town use data concerning the gay population as integral factors for calculation (Florida, 41). Such measures help gauge the tolerance level of certain regions, cities, or towns. In fact, it is often in the interest of even the homosexuals themselves to come out, as it increases the confidence level of others like themselves who want to live their lives out in the open and refrain from hiding. Yet, homosexuals who decide to keep their lifestyles in the closet succeed only in skewing the statistical data, resulting in the underestimation of the level of homosexual practice in a given region. This media house is committed to playing a role in this by encouraging, prompting, or otherwise effecting the open acknowledgement of the true level of homosexuality within a given area. The role of the media as an announcer of the coming out of certain homosexuals is one that succeeds also in helping such persons to liberate themselves from a confining public image that, in effect, adversely affects their lifestyle. Homosexuals who remain in the closet tend to have unnecessary burdens placed upon them, which the media should consider its humanitarian duty to remove. Such persons are unable to proclaim their love in the open. They are unable publicly to perform simple actions, such as holding hands or kissing, which demonstrate their feelings toward their significant other. It is often the case that such persons want desperately to rid themselves of these confinements and reveal their sexual preferences to the world. However, they lack the courage or the nerve to stand up and make the declaration themselves. The media therefore provides a service to many of these persons by performing the unsavory act of â€Å"coming out† for them, so that they may begin their enjoyment of life openly professing and living what they indeed are in private. The media also plays a role that publicizes the lifestyle of homosexuals far beyond the borders of influence than they themselves would have been able to proclaim it. Public knowledge of the true proportion of the population that desires such a lifestyle provides in turn an impetus for changes in the legal structure of society that would facilitate such lifestyles. In other words, if enough homosexuals step forward and â€Å"come out,† they may even get the legal recognition they desire. The media therefore facilitates not just the open lifestyle of such persons, but also justification and recognition of such a lifestyle so that they may be more able to live fulfilling life that contains all the accessories that make life fulfilling for heterosexuals. The role of the media in helping these persons come out will broadcast the view that such a lifestyle is legitimate. This is likely to prompt legislation that will allow such persons to marry, adopt children, and perform other partnership roles once available only to heterosexuals (Vargo, 114). Critics of the media are likely to cite the observation that the publicizing of lifestyle practices of homosexual should be left to their discretion. However, it is often the discretion of these persons that lead to the media finding out about their lifestyles in the first place. Furthermore, the media is also involved in publicizing romantic details about the lives of heterosexuals—mainly those persons such as public servants and entertainment personalities who live a large portion of their lives in the limelight. Since such stories are the domain of the media, then other very similar stories involving the coming out of homosexuals are also considered to lie within the jurisdiction of the media. It is often the case that people are opposed to things only when they affect them personally, and this double standard ought to be avoided. Since a large proportion of Americans show themselves interested enough in this type of material to purchase magazines, then the media should consider it a duty to provide that material. It should be considered the perpetual policy of the media to continue to provide information to the public regarding the sexual status of the individuals who live within its domain. The efforts made by the media to out these personalities are beneficial not only to the individuals themselves, but to anthropologists and sociologists of posterity who may seek to understand the socio-cultural practices of persons of this era. The actions of the media concerning the state of homosexuality in a given area are also beneficial to historians, who are likely to consult the media as cultural artifacts that give insight into the synchronic and diachronic development of certain occurrences of note in a given time. The media should be active in publicizing the coming out of homosexuals because of its role in informing the public and in legitimizing the homosexual lifestyle in a manner that is likely to lead up to the legalization of activities that occur in connection with it. Work Cited Florida, Richard. The Rise of the Creative Class: and How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Community and Everyday Life. Cambridge: Basic Books, 2002. Gauntlett, David. Media, Gender and Identity: An Introduction. New York: Routledge, 2002. Vargo, Marc E. Acts of Disclosure: The Coming Out Process of Contemporary Gay Men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Birmingham: Haworth Press, 1998. How to cite Media Policy, Essay examples

Frank Claim Misrepresentation Against Gemma â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Frank Claim Misrepresentation Against Gemma? Answer: Introducation As per the facts of the case the prima facie issue which has been indentified is that whether a there is a contract between the parties Qantas Airlines Ltd and Airbus Corporation Ltd and whether a claim can be made for damages by Qantas against Airbus for the breach of contract. There must be a compelling offer which has to be followed by an appropriate acceptance in relation to the formation of a legally enforceable agreement. Moreover along with the elements of offer and acceptance the parties to the contract also require convincing intention to enforce the contract legally as stated in the case of Harvey v Facey [1893]. The parties are legally bound to the each other in relation to the agreement when it is formed in accordance to the appropriate procedure. In addition it had been ruled in the case of LEstange v Graucob (1923) 2KB 394 that where a party ignores to read the content of the contract and signs it, even if they did not intend to accept the terms of the contract their signature would make the parties bound to the terms of the contract where there is no kind of fraud or misrepresentation which have been made by the other party. At common law the terms of the offer have to be accepted by the person to whom it has been directed unequivocally. This means that the acceptance made by the other party has to be a mirror image of the offer presented by the offeree. In case any other additional or inconsistent term is provided through the acceptance the original offer stands rejected and the acceptance itself becomes a counter offer. The parties to a contract have a legitimate right to incorporate a term in the contract which can restrict any liability or damages arising out of the breach of contract as provided in the case of Riches v Hogben [1986] 1 Qd R 315 However it has been stated in the landmark case of Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd [1971] that in case any such term is incorporated by a part to the contract into it , it is the duty of such party to duly communicate the existence or presence of such term in the contract to the other party in order to ensure that they are aware of it. Moreover another important principle had been provided by the case of Causer v Browne [1952] according to which a party who wants to incorporate an exclusion clause into the contract has to ensure that such clause is incorporated before the contract is made. In case the clause is attempted to be incorporated into the contract after the contract has been formed between the parties the clause cannot be regarded as a part of the contract if the party expressly does not give consent to it. In the case of Poussard v Spiers (1876) 1 QBD 410 it was ruled by the court that the terms of the contract can be classified into warranties and conditions. The judge provided that the term forming the foundation of the contract is regarded as a condition of the contract. The condition is therefore the most significant term of the contract which means that if such term is violated it would account to the fundamental breach of the contact. In case a party to the contract breaches a condition of the contract it gives the other party the power to end the contract through the process of repudiation. However as provided through the case of Bettini v Gye 1876 QBD 183 if a warranty is not complied with by the party it would result in mere damages no right of repudiation as a warranty does not form a fundamental part of the contract. Application In this case it has been provided that both Qantas and Airbus entered upon into a legally binding agreement. As per the terms of the agreement the Qantas was to take aircrafts for Airbus which would provide it with a certain amount of profit per day in addition a specific term of the contract stated that airbus was supposed to install video software which would provide the customers access to 36 entertainment channels. However Airbus was not able to provide Qantas with the specific entertainment system and instead provided them with entertainment system which only had 34 channels which in addition required a period of one week to be rectified. As per the above discussed principles of contract the terms of the agreement are binding legally on both the parties and the violation of any term would result in a kind of contractual remedy. The remedies in relation to a contractual breach are determined in relation to the kind of term which has been violated. The basic term which sets the foundation of the contract between Qantas and Airbus was that airbus was to supply aircrafts to Qantas which would be able to fly according to the demands of Qantas. The term violated in relation to the entertainment system can thus be said not to form the fundamental of the contract and be considered as a warranty. Thus as a warranty is breach Qantas can claim compensation for the loss of business in relation to the seven days required to fix the system. It had been provided in the situation that after the contract had been formed between the parties, Airbus sent a number of papers to Qantas which also included the contract which has been formed between the parties. The papers also included a tem which stated that the liability of Qantas is only restricted to $300000 in relation to the contract. As per the case of Thon parking the cause is not valid as it was not brought to the attention of Qantas with all reasonable steps, in addition as per the case of brown the clause was attempted to be incorporated into the contract after the contract had been formed so it cannot be regarded as a part of the contract. therefore the exclusion clause to limit the liability of Airbus is not valid. It is a fact that consent provided by the parties to the contract has to be free. However in common law as well as statutory provisions a consent is not considered to be free in case it if found that any of the party to the contract indulged into an act of Misrepresentation, Undue influence, Fraud, Duress or coercion. As defined by the case of Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459 any statement which is not true and have been made by one person to another so that the other party may rely on or use such statement to get into a contract accounts to misrepresentation. A misrepresentation cannot be accounted out of a statement of opinion or a future contingency. In case of misrepresentation through the application of the objective test it has to be determined that a reasonable person would use such statement or rely on it to get induced into a contract with the other party which signifies that misrepresentation has to be differentiated from puffery as per the case of Dimmock v Hallett (1866) LR 2 In the case of Hill v Rose [1990] VR 129 in order to establish a claim for misrepresentation when the party who had been induced in the contract was not aware of the misrepresentation and the lies contained in the statement. Therefore if a person would have gone into a the contract even if the misrepresentation was not made than a claim for misrepresentation cannot be established. As per the case of Derry v. Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 33 a misrepresentation is said to be fraudulent in case it is found that a party to the contract intentionally committed the misrepresentation. In case of normal misrepresentation the aggrieved party has the right to rescind the contract, however when a party in case of fraudulent misrepresentation can not only rescind the contract but also claim damages in relation to the contract. In the famous case of Pioneer Mortgage Services Pty Ltd v Columbus Capital Pty Ltd - [2016] FCAFC 78 the judges used a well discussed principle in relation to the law of agency which states that an employer has inherit liability in relation to any act or omission conducted by the employee when they are working in the course of employment. In addition the employer does not have the defense of stating that the employee was not acting within the authority provided by the employer. In the case of Dimmock v Hallett (1866) LR 2 the judge ruling in favor of the plaintiff stated that where the employment of an employee had been terminated by the employer such termination was not known to a their party associated with caring out business with the employee as an agent of the employer, the employer can still by bound to the actions of the agent with such third party even after termination of employment. In the case of Cropper v Cook [1867] the facts the court ruled that an apparent authority which would cause the third party to believe that there is a relationship between the agent and the principal the authority would be enough to make the principal liable to the actions of the agent in relation to the third party. In the case of Watteau v Fenwick [1983] 1 QB 346 the court stated that where the relationship between the principal and the agent has ended and a third party is not aware of such end than the principal would be liable for the acts of the agent if the third party entered upon a contract with the agent relying upon the agency In the given situation Gemma work for Frank as a saleswomen for his shop which deals with electronic appliances. The shop has a dishwasher which is priced at $350. Tom after inspecting the dishwasher provides Frank that he is ready to buy it subjected to space available in his apartment. Gemma mean while wanting to sell the washer to her relative tells frank that there is no chance that the washer would sell for $350. Relying on the advice of Gemma frank gives her authority to sell it for $300. Gemma used such authority to sell the washer to her relative. Frank latter got to know that the Tom would have easily paid $350 for the washer. Here as per the principles of misrepresentation Gemma has induced frank to get into a contract for lower price by providing alse facts. Frank has a right to make a claim against Gemma. However as per the principles of agency Frank is bound to the contract with Frances as Gemma entered it upon authority provided by Frank. In case of Bob the former agent of the shop who has been suspended by Frank as he used to come to work Drunk and late, the law of agency would also been applicable. This is because the Bob had a continues dealing relationship with Angela with respect to washing machines. Angela had no idea that Frank had ended the agency of Bob and therefore she entered into a deal with Bob for the purchase of washing machines. Bon flees with the money transferred by Angela to the account which she used for regular dealing with the shop. As per the rules of agency discussed in the above case Frank being the principal of Bob would be bound to the contract with Angela as she did not know about thee termination of agency and got into the contract by relying upon it. References Causer v Browne (1952) VLR 1 Derry v. Peek (1889) 14 App Cas 33 Edgington v Fitzmaurice (1885) 29 Ch D 459. Hill v Rose [1990] VR 129 LEstange v Graucob (1923) 2KB 394 Riches v Hogben [1986] 1 Qd R 315 Thornton v Shoe Lane Parking Ltd (1971) 2 QB 163 Wakeling v Ripley (1951) 51 SR (NSW) 183 Watteau v Fenwick [1983] 1 QB 346